| Feature | Plant Cell | Animal Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell Wall | ✅ Yes (cellulose) | ❌ No |
| Chloroplasts | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
| Vacuole | Large, permanent | Small, temporary |
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Happens in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.
Animal: Neuron (long fibers), Ciliated cell (hair-like structures), Red blood cell (carries oxygen)
Plant: Palisade cell (photosynthesis), Root hair cell (absorbs water)
Group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Mule, Liger, Tigon - usually infertile, so not considered new species.
Tool for identification using step-by-step choices between two characteristics.
Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa
Producer → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer
Break down dead material and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
| Action | Diaphragm | Rib Cage | Lung Volume |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalation | Contracts & flattens | Moves up & out | Increases |
| Exhalation | Relaxes & domes | Moves down & in | Decreases |
Red blood cells: Carry oxygen
White blood cells: Fight infection
Platelets: Clot blood
Plasma: Liquid component
Arteries: Away from heart, thick walls
Veins: Towards heart, have valves
Capillaries: Thin walls for gas exchange
Example: Saguaro Cactus
- Thick waxy skin (reduces water loss)
- Spines instead of leaves
- Deep roots for water
Example: Cane Toad in Australia
- No natural predators
- Toxic to native animals
- Outcompetes native species
Bioaccumulation: Build-up in one organism
Biomagnification: Increase up food chain
Example: PCBs in Great Lakes
7 nutrient groups: Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water, Fibre
Anaemia: Lack of iron
Rickets: Lack of Vitamin D/calcium
Scurvy: Lack of Vitamin C
Tar: Damages lungs
Nicotine: Addictive
Carbon Monoxide: Reduces oxygen transport
Hinge joint: Elbow, knee (back-and-forth)
Ball and socket: Shoulder, hip (rotation)
Antagonistic pairs: Bicep/tricep work together
Our interactive science games have been expanded and improved:
Test your knowledge and challenge your friends with our updated science games!
1. Study the content in Year 7 or Year 8 sections first
2. Play the corresponding game to test your knowledge
3. Download the answer PDF to check your answers
4. Remember to review your PPTs too - You shouldn't only rely on the study guide + games
5. Review areas where you need more practice